Author : Dr. Mandavi Rai

Qualification: MBBS, M.S.OBGY, M.MAS, PGDS, Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine ( Singapore), Postgraduate Diploma in Reproductive Medicine and Sexual Health (UK)

Senior Fertility & IVF Specialist

Understanding Infertility: Causes and Types

Infertility is a complex and often distressing issue that affects millions of couples worldwide. Understanding the causes and types of infertility is essential for anyone facing challenges in conceiving. In this blog, we will explore the various factors that contribute to infertility and the different types that exist, empowering you with knowledge to navigate this journey.

What is Infertility?

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. For women over 35, this timeframe is reduced to six months. Infertility can be attributed to various factors affecting either partner, and it can be a result of a single issue or a combination of multiple factors.

Primary vs. Secondary Infertility

Infertility can be classified into two main types:

  1. Primary Infertility: This refers to couples who have never been able to conceive after trying for at least one year. This can be particularly challenging as it may lead to feelings of isolation and frustration.
  2. Secondary Infertility: This occurs in couples who have previously conceived but are now struggling to conceive again. This type of infertility can arise after the birth of one or more children and may be linked to various factors, including age, health changes, or other underlying issues.

Common Causes of Infertility

Infertility can stem from a variety of causes, affecting either the male or female partner. Here are some of the most common causes:

Female Factors

  1. Ovulation Disorders: Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can disrupt the regular release of eggs, making it difficult to conceive.
  2. Fallopian Tube Damage: Blockages or damage to the fallopian tubes, often caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis, can prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
  3. Uterine Abnormalities: Structural issues within the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps, can hinder implantation or lead to miscarriage.
  4. Age: Female fertility declines with age, particularly after the age of 35. The quality and quantity of eggs decrease, making conception more challenging.
  5. Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders affecting hormone levels, such as thyroid issues or hyperprolactinemia, can impact ovulation and fertility.

 

Male Factors

  1. Sperm Quality and Quantity: Low sperm count, poor motility (movement), or abnormal morphology (shape) can all contribute to male infertility.
  2. Hormonal Issues: Hormonal imbalances can affect sperm production and overall reproductive health.
  3. Genetic Factors: Genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, can impact testicular function and sperm production.
  4. Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, cystic fibrosis, or infections can affect male fertility.
  5. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drug use, obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins can negatively impact sperm health.

 

Other Contributing Factors

Infertility can also be influenced by external factors, including:

  1. Stress: High levels of stress can affect hormonal balance and ovulation.
  2. Weight: Both underweight and overweight individuals can experience fertility issues.
  3. Lifestyle Choices: Poor diet, lack of exercise, and unhealthy habits can contribute to infertility.

 

Seeking Help

If you have been trying to conceive for over a year (or six months if you are over 35), it may be time to seek the help of a fertility specialist. They can perform a comprehensive evaluation to identify any underlying issues and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Conclusion

Understanding infertility and its various causes is a crucial step for couples facing challenges in conceiving. By recognizing the factors that contribute to infertility, you can take proactive steps to address them and seek the support you need. Remember, you are not alone on this journey, and there are resources available to help you navigate the complexities of infertility.

If you have any questions or need further information, feel free to reach out for a consultation.

Dr. Mandavi Rai is a renowned fertility specialist dedicated to helping couples understand and overcome infertility challenges. With years of experience in reproductive health, she provides compassionate care and tailored treatment options to support your family-building journey.

FAQ’s :

Infertility is the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.
Common causes include hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or age-related factors.
Male infertility is often caused by low sperm count, poor sperm motility, abnormal sperm shape, or conditions like varicocele.
Diagnosis involves medical history evaluation, physical exams, blood tests, ultrasounds, semen analysis, and sometimes specialized imaging.
Treatments include lifestyle changes, medications to improve ovulation, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF, and surgical interventions for structural issues.
Couples should consult a doctor if they have been trying to conceive for over a year without success or six months if the woman is over 35 years old.